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Nurses and tech friends, this is the third batch of the most important Nursing laboratory test that every nurse enthusiast should know by heart. It is not only the doctors and medical technologists that must know these tests but the nurses as well. For tech lovers, it also does not hurt to know something about this.

1. Guthrie test – test for phenylalanine levels to diagnose PKU
2. Nitrazine test – test for acidity / alkalinity; red for acid and blue for alkaline
3. Fern test – microscopic exam to determine rupture of membrane (ROM), (+) if there’s NaCl fern-like crystal seen
4. Post-coital test – done within 1-2 days of presumed ovulation, a test for fertility; determine the number and motility of sperm
5. Beutler test – like Guthrie test but this is to screen for galactosemia
6. Scotch tape test – done before bowel movement early in the morning to detect pinworms
7. Patch test – introduce an allergen into the skin to detect allergies (refer to the picture)
8. Tensilon test – a test for myasthenia gravis to determine whether it is myasthenic / cholinergic crisis by administering Edrophonium (Tensilon); if symptoms intensify, it is cholinergic
9. Voice test – examiner stand 1-2 feet away and let the patient block 1 ear; the examiner whispers a statement and asks the patient to repeat it. Each ear is tested separately
10. Serum trough and peak level – to know the effectiveness of gentamicin by getting a sample 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after the 3^rd dose is given
11. Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test – specific for syphilis
12. (RAIU) radio active iodine uptake test – if increased then hyperthyroidism; if decreased then hypothyroidism
13. ANA (anti-nucleic antibody test), then Coomb’s test then Complement test – most definitive tests for SLE
14. Glucose tolerance test – NPO (nothing per orem or nothing taken per mouth) during pre-procedure, drink high CHO (carbohydrate) substance then take the patient’s glucose level an hour after. An increase means impaired glucose tolerance if negative DM (diabetes mellitus)
15. Non-stress test – an evaluation of fetal heart rate response to natural contractile activity
16. Ishihara color test -  numerous plates with colored dots and pattern; if unable to read pattern then suggestive of color blindness (Blue, Green, Red for adults while Red, Orange, Yellow for elderly)
17. Bjernum tangent plate – to test central vision, if lost central vision then suggestive of macular degeneration
18. AIMS(Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale) – used to assess tardive dyskinesia
19. Tine (prick) test – usually the first test done to detect TB, done before PPD, there’s a disk with tuberculin antigen used to puncture the skin
20. Tissue culture test – to test for the virus present
21. Sensitivity test – tests for bacteria present for prescription of antibiotics
22. Trendelenburg test – raise legs to inspect for varicosities
23. Anti-nuclear antibody test – test also used in rheumatoid arthritis

Maximize tech to your advantage by learning all these important Nursing laboratory tests only here in this site. Enjoy!

Tech enthusiasts and nurse aspirants, this is the third batch of the most important Nursing signs that every nurse and Nursing student should know. With this list, you will become more acquainted with some Nursing terms that are frequently used in school and also in the hospital setting. Read on!

1. Obturator sign – pain upon internal rotation of right ankle while leg is flexed, indicative of appendicitis
2. “mask-like fascies” – facial expressions in Parkinson’s disease
3. Cogwheel rigidity, lead pipe rigidity – in Parkinson’s disease
4. Brushfield spots – pinpoint white dots at the iris; in Down syndrome (refer to the picture)
5. Itchy, burning sensation with or curd-like creamy cheese-like discharge – candidiasis
6. Greenish-yellow discharge – gonorrhea
7. Profuse, bubbly white discharge – trichomoniasis (with petechial spots)
8. Pinpoint vesicles on erythematous vulva – herpes simplex II
9. “blue-berry muffin lesions on newborn” – sign of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnant women
10. Erythema chronicum migrans (macular lesions with clear centers) – present in Lyme disease, a viral disease common to infect pregnant women
11. Yellow-gray, frothy, odorous discharge – trichomoniasis
12. Gray discharge with frothy odor – bacterial vaginosis
13. Gray-white discharge – Chlamydia
14. Painless ulcer (chancre) on vulva – syphilis
15. Cauliflower-like lesions – human papilloma virus (HPV)
16. “skip lesions” – Chron’s disease
17. Couvelaire uterus (board-like) – manifests in abruptio placenta
18. Trendelenburg sign – lurching toward affected side in hip dysplasia
19. Galeazzi’s sign – shortening of femur (hip dysplasia)
20. Ortolani’s sign – “clunk” sound of the femoral head striking the shallow acetabulum, indicative of hip subluxation

Keep posted for the fourth batch of the most important Nursing signs to remember only here in this tech site.

Nurse enthusiasts and tech friends, this is the third batch of the most important Nursing terms that every nurse wannabee and would-be nurse should remember. With this list, you will come to be more familiar with Nursing terms that are commonly used at school and also at the work-place such as in the hospital and other clinical field. Go on and read on the list below:

1. genotype – actual gene composition
2. atresia – absence of a opening in a normal passageway like the esophagus
3. stenosis – narrowing of the passageway
4. diastasis – separation of the rectus muscle in pregnancy (in abdomen)
5. fecundation – other term for fertilization
6. sterility – inability to conceive
7. epispadias – opening of penis at the dorsal surface of penis
8. hypospadias – opening of the penis at the ventral surface (underside of penis)
9. hemorrhoids – varicosities of the rectal vein
10. Amelia / phocomelia – absence of one / more limbs upon birth maybe due to thalidomide
11. orthopnea – person needs to sit / stand to breath without difficulty
12. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea – waking at night due to shortness of breath
13. ankle clonus – continuous motion of the foot, in eclampsia
14. pseudocyesis – false pregnancy, no fetus but there’s enlarged abdomen
15. duola – without professional credentials, assists the women in labor; a coach
16. pudendum – refers to the male or female external genitalia
17. diagonal conjugate – antero-posterior diameter of the pelvic inlet
18. phimosis – constriction of foreskin that obstruct the urinary opening in males; an indication for circumcision
19. thrush – manifests as a white gray patch on the cheeks of the newborn with Candida infection
20. witch milk – newborn’s breast secrete this fluid

Look out for the next batch of the most important Nursing terms that every nurse and some tech friends should master.

This is the second set of the most important Nursing grades or scales that every medical practitioner and aspiring nurse should know in his or her studies. With this, your Nursing life will become a lot clearer, not to mention, a lot easier. By simply knowing these scales or grades by heart, these will place you way ahead of your colleagues. These grading system are not only used at school but also during the actual work experience in the hospitals and other related areas. So nurses and friends, hope you enjoy reading the material below: 

• APGAR Score

a. heart rate

    0      absent

    1      <100bpm

    2      >100bpm

b. respiratory effort

     0     absent

     1     slow, weak cry

     2     good, strong cry

c. muscle tone

     0     flaccid

     1     some flexion

     2     well flexed extremities

d. reflex irritability

     0     no response

     1     grimace

     2     cough/sneeze/cry

e. color

     0     blue/pale

     1     acrocyanotic

     2     completely pink

­Thus, if:

   0-4 grave condition

   5-7 needs intensive care

   7and above NB doing well

• Urinalysis  (albumin test using acetic acid)

            negative      – no albumin

            trace             - mildly clear to liquid opaque

            + to ++        – frankly cloudy

            +++              – white like an egg white

• Urinalysis (sugar test using Benedict’s solution)

              Negative   - no change in color

              Trace          - blue green

              1+ to 2+     - yellow green

              3+ to 4+     – orange yellow

• Pain Rating Scale

            1-3       - mild

            4-7       - moderate

            8-10     - severe

• Breast Cancer Staging

            Stage 1             less than 2cm, confined in the breast

            Stage 2             up to 5cm, axillary spread

            Stage 3             greater than 5cm, chest spread

            Stage 4             distant metastasis

• Placental Grading by Ultrasound (UTZ)

             0     =    12-24 weeks

             1     =     30-32 weeks

             2     =     36 weeks

             3     =     38 weeks

• Ankle clonus in eclampsia

     Mild             = 2 movements

     Moderate   = 3-5 movements

     Severe        = over 6 movements

• Age of Gestation (AOG) with fundal height monitoring

        -   Fundal height at symphysis pubis =12th week gestation

        -   Midway between symphysis pubis & umbilicus = 16^th wk. gestation

        -   At the umbilicus = 20^th wk.

        -   At the xyphoid process = 36^th wk.

• Stress test (Oxytocin Challenge Test)

             (+) / (+) window / late deceleration / Abnormal

             (-) / (-) window / no deceleration / Normal

• Kick Counts

            (+) / Normal / 3 or more movements in 1 hour

            (-) / AbN°/2 or more movements in 1 hour

• Classification of perineal laceration

           1^st degree      laceration at the perineal skin

           2^nd degree     at the muscle of perineum

           3^rd degree      rectal sphincter

           4^th degree      lumen of the rectum

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This is the second set of some of the most important tests that nurses , Nursing inclined individuals and tech enthusiasts must know. Listed below ar 20 itemized tests for you to either memorize and know by heart. Surely, this will come in handy in some parts of your healthy living.

1. Antibodies: Anti DNA antibody, Anti-Smith antibody, anti-nuclear antibody – positive is indicative for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), also present in rheumatoid arthritis
2. Lupus E. cell preparation – SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Culture & sensitivity – to diagnose specific cases of pneumonia
4. Pulmonary angiography and ventilation – perfusion lung scan – test for pulmonary embolism
5. Myoglobin, CK-MB, Troponin – to test for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
6. Trendelenburg test (T-test) – for venous disorders like varicosities
7. Finger-nose test – test for cerebral function
8. Romberg’s test – walk along a line with eyes closed (test balance)
9. Guaiac test – assess presence of occult blood in feces and urine – a blue result means 3x positive
10. Coomb’s test – test for Rh compatibility like between mother and newborn to rule out erythroblastosis fetalis
11. Iliopsoas muscle test – done to test for appendicitis wherein patient’s legs are raised off the bed and a force is applied to the upper thigh while the patient opposes the force
12. Obturator muscle test – test for ruptured appendicitis, done with patient in supine position and his right leg is flexed at the hip and knees must be kept at 90° angle; afterwards internal rotate the right ankle
13. Antistreptolysin-O-titer (ASO titer) – used to diagnosed rheumatic fever
14. PPD tuberculin test (purified protein derivative) – for TB screening in pregnant women; it has a radiation source; otherwise known as Mantoux test
15. Glucose tolerance test – test for blood glucose level taken at regular intervals after giving standard dose of glucose
16. Kleihauer Betke test – detect whether blood is fetal or maternal in origin
17. Radioimmunoassay test (RIA) – Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (Hcg) test for pregnancy; uses serum
18. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay test (ELISA) – Hcg test for pregnancy, uses urine or serum
19. Hepatojugular reflux – done to test for right sided heart failure wherein pressure is applied on ones abdomen for 30-60 seconds. A sustained increase in central venous pressure (CVP) or jugular distention is a positive result
20. Sweat test – test presence of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) to determine cystic fibrosis

Tech friends and nurses, please watch out for the third set of the most important Nursing tests in the upcoming posts only here in this tech site.

This is the second set of the Important Foods that nurses, tech lovers and nurse enthusiasts should know and remember by heart. It is a must to consider the dietary approach towards the overall well-being of the patient that’s why the nurse and other medical pratitioners must make sure that their clients are taking in good and nutritious foods only. By knowing this list, you are one step closer towards remembering what particular foods should be taken for this kind of condition and what other preparations are contraindicated for such disease states. Go on and read further only here in the tech site.

• Xanthine foods = coffee, cola, chocolates
• Low Mg foods = chicken breast, eggs, fruits, green peas, ground beef, white bread
• High PO4 foods = milk, milk products, carbonated beverages, ice cream , cheese, high amounts of milk and fish
• Feingold diet = exclusion of foods with synthetic colorings, flavorings, preservatives and limits fruits or vegetables with salicylates (in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders)
• Peptic Ulcer Disease diet = increase protein (CHON), increase fat, decrease carbohydrates (CHO)
• Pancreatitis diet = increase carbohydrates (CHO),  increase protein (CHON), decrease fat
• Liver cirrhosis diet = increased carbohydrates (CHO), decrease protein (CHON), decrease fat, decrease fiber, decrease sodium
• DASH diet (for hypertensive patients) = fruits, veggies, low fat dairy products, poultry, fish except meat and meat products
• Thiamine-rich foods = pork, organ meats (liver, heart, and kidney) brewer’s yeast, lean meats, eggs, leafy green veggie, whole / enriched cereals, wheat germ, berries, nuts and legumes
• Riboflavin-rich foods =  liver, milk, meat, dark green veggies, whole grain and enriched cereals, pasta, bread and mushrooms

This is the second set of the most important Nursing normal values that nurses and Nursing enthusiasts should bear in mind. Not only them, all tech lovers will also enjoy learning some of these Nursing concepts as they read and memorize these very important values. Obviously, any value that will fall under or above the range of normal values below will be considered abnormal. Hence, after you get your laboratory results, try to assess the values for yourself and do a preliminary check. You’ll really be amazed to know that not only the nurses but all people (tech fanatics and non tech lovers) can make a beginner’s interpretation of the lab values. Go on and read through the entire entry of this set of Nursing normal values.

1. Normal liver span = 6-12 cm
2. Normal blinking = 20 times/min
3. Point of Maximum Impulse  = (PMI) 4^th to 5^th Intercostal Space (ICS) Left  Midclavicular Line (MCL)
4. Right arm BP = 10 mmHg higher than left arm BP
5. Hemoglobin Female = 12-14 gm%
6. Hemoglobin Male = 13-16 gm%
7. Hematocrit Female = 37-44 %
8. Hematocrit Male = 42-50 %
9. White Blood Cell Count = 4.5-11 thousand / mm³
10. Neutrophils = 55-70 % (segmenters), 0-10 % (bands)
11. Lymphocytes = 20-35 %
12. Basophils = 0-0.5
13. Eosinophils = 1-45
14. Monocytes = 1-6 %
15. Platelet = 150-400 thousand /  mm³
16. Reticulocyte count = 0.5-1.5 %
17. Red Blood Cells Female = 3.5-5.5 million /mm³
18. Red Blood Cells Male = 4.3-5.9 million  /mm³
19. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Male = 0-14 mm / hr
20. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Female = 0-20 mm / hr
21. Clotting time = 7-15 min
22. Bleeding time = 2-9 min
23. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) = 20-35 sec
24. Prothrombin Time (PT) = 12-14 sec, (9.6-11.8 Male; 9.5-11.3 Female)
25. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) = 60-110mg/dl (70- 110 mg/dl)
26. Random Blood Sugar = 45-130 mg/dl (80-140 mg/dl)
27. Bowel sounds = 5-35 times/min
28. Urine output = 30 mL/hr (720 mL/day)
29. Plasma Osmolality = 275-295 mosm/kg H2O
30. Red Blood Cell lifespan = 120 days (90-120)

 Nurses and tech enthusiasts, please keep posted for the upcoming third set of Nursing normal values.

These is the second set of the most important Nursing signs that nurses and tech friends should know. It pays not to be ignorant with some terms especially when we go to the hospital and converse with our doctors. One can use this in the Nursing and other medical fields. Nursing students can even study here and enjoy the benefit of education right from their own personal computers. So go through these second twenty signs and enrich your brain tissues a bit.

1. McBurney’s sign – appendicitis
2. Murphy’s sign – gallbladder disease
3. Homan’s sign – thrombophlebitis
4. Chvostek’s sign – hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia (pancreatitis)
5. Trousseau’s sign – hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia (pancreatitis)
6. Positive Bence Jones Protein – multiple myeloma
7. Reynaud’s Phenomenon – blue, white, reddish discoloration of digits due to decreased oxygen supply
8. Malar (butterfly), discoid rashes – SLE (systemic lupus erythematusus) please refer to the picture below
9. Aschoff bodies – rheumatic fever
10. Koplik’s spot – measles
11. Pink frothy sputum – pulmonary edema
12. Reed Sternberg’s cells – Hodgkin’s disease
13. Abnormal Immunoglobulins G, A, D, E – multiple myeloma
14. Romberg’s sign – loss of balance when asked to close eyes, feet together, stand erect
15. Turners sign – bluish discoloration of the flank ( pancreatitis )
16. Friction rub – pericarditis
17. Knife-like pain – pancreatitis
18. Burning pain – PUD
19. Cramping pain – appendicitis, cholecystitis
20. Rovsing’s sign – appendicitis, applying pressure to the left lower quadrant of the abdomen causes pain on the right lower quadrant (McBurney’s point)

Nurses and tech friends, keep posted for the next sets of Nursing-related concepts only here in this tech site.

This is the next set of the most important Nursing terms that every nurse and nursing enthusiast online must know. Not only them but also the tech people from cyberspace are invited to learn some new terms and perhaps be made aware of these commonly used Nursing terms. It is good to be informed. Hence, using tech online in this manner (incorporating Nursing or nurse concepts) is truly of great benefit.

1. cardiac tamponade – compression of heart due to accumulation of blood at pericardial sac
2. syncope – brief lapses in consciousness caused by transient cerebral hypoxia
3. myalgia – diffuse muscle pain due to malaise
4. sordes – collection of bacteria and residue of mucus
5. cystitis – bladder inflammation (urinary bladder)
6. cor pulmonale – enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart (please refer to the image below)



7. pulsus paradoxus – decrease in pulse rate upon inspiration, happens in pericarditis (a complication)
8. hemianopnia – blindness of one eye
9. amaurosis – blindness, loss of vision
10. apoptysis – programmed cell death, can be triggered by P53
11. fractionation – administering small frequent dose of radiation to prevent tissue damage
12. pulsus alterans – pulse characterized by regular alteration of weak and strong pulses without a change in pulse rate, may be due to Congestive Heart Failure / Myocardial Infarction
13. retrolental fibroplasia – due to increased oxygen administration in premature newborns; there’s formation of fibers behind the lens of the eyes
14. bradykinesis – slowness of voluntary movement in Parkinson’s disease
15. adrenarche – growth of axillary  and pubic hair in females due to androgen
16. thelarche – beginning of breast development
17. menorrhagia – excessive menstruation
18. metrorrhagia – bleeding between menstrual period
19. karyotyping – visual presentation of chromosomes to spot for genetic diseases
20. phenotype – physical expression of genes (outward appearance)

Nurses and tech friends, keep posted for the next set of the most important Nursing terms to remember.